Class 12 History theme 1

 NOTES | VIDEOS | MCQs - Harappan seals- one of the distinctive features ,  made of of steatite stone (very soft stone) - These seals were used for the sealing the bags or trade purposes. - seals contain Animal motifs (bull, pashupati shiv) & signs ( remain undecifered) -sources to know about their lives:- - Archaeological objects include the houses, pots, ornaments, tools, seals, weapons etc. Theme , Places , Times - The Indus valley Civilisation is also called the Harappan Culture / mature Harappan. - Civilisation means - place where people did modern farming, educated, and abided by the laws. - Culture - Used this word for a group of Objects ( seals, beads, weights, stone, blades, baked briks) , in distinctive styles , usually found together within a specific area (Afghanistan, Jammu, Baluchistan and Gujarat), and period of time (2600 BCE- 1900BCE) - Early harappan and Late Haraappan. ------------------------------------------------*************----------------------...

 NOTES  |  VIDEOS  | MCQs  | IMAGES - Clay- locally available. - Stone, timber, metals from outside the alluvial plains. - There were men and women, craft persons, making in their own homes orn in special workshops. - For construction of special buildings in the city, rulers sent people to distant lands. - Terracotta toys models of Bullock Carts, suggested important means of transportation.. - copper - Rajasthan, Oman( West Asia). - Tin - Afghanistan - Gold- Karnataka - Precious stones - Gujarat, Iran, Afghanistan. 6.1 MATERIALS FROM THE SUBCONTINENT AND BEYOND. - Shell - Nageshwar and Balakot. - Lapis Lazuli - Shortughai (Afghanistan) - Carnelian - Lothal ( Bharuch).  - Steatite - Rajasthan and Northern Gujarat. - Metal - Rajasthan - These expeditions of materials established communication with local communities. - Ganeshwar -Jodhpura Culture developed in Khetri, here non-Harappan pottery has been found. 6.2  CONTACT WITH DISTANT LANDS. - Copper- Oman...

Archeologists usually looking for the following raw materials to identify centres of craft production. - stone nudules. - whole shell - copper ore - tools. - rejected or waste materials. - larger waste materials were used to make smaller objects. But left minuscule bits. - craft production was also undertaken in large cities.

Notes  |  video | MCQs Chanhudaro , 7 hectares Mohenjodaro , 125 hectares - Chanhudaro devoted to craft production, including bead-making, shell-cutting, metal-working, seal-making and weight-making. - materials used to make beads -  stones like carnelian (of a beautiful red colour), jasper, crystal, quartz and steatite. metals like copper , bronze and gold shell like faience and terracottta or burnt clay. - their shapes were numerous - disc-shaped, cylindrical, spherical, barrel-shped, segmented. And decorated by incising or painting. - Techniques for making beads depends upon materials. eg: Steatite , a very soft stone mixed with other materials. - Red colour of Carnelian was obtained by firing the yellowish raw materials and beads at various stages of production. - Grinding , polishing and drilling completed the process. - specialised drills have been found at Chanhudaro, Lothal and Dholavira. - Nageshwar and Balakot , both the settlements are near coast , were...

 Another strategy to identify social differences is to study artefacts. - classified as Utilitarian &  Luxuries.  - utilitarian: for daily uses ( stone or clay). - eg: Querns, Pottery, needless, flesh: rubbers ( body scrubbers). Luxuries: rare,made from costly, non-local materials or with complicated technology.  eg - little pots of faience * Distribution of artefacts :  - rare objects are generally concentrated in large settlements. eq - miniature pots of faience, perhaps used as perfume bottles are found mostly in Mohenjo Daro and Harappa -Gold jewellery found at Harappan sites was. recovered from hoards.